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What is frit? Frit is an industry term for the paint that is used around the perimeter of the automotive glass parts. One of the key ingredients in frit is a glass ceramic particle that fuses to the glass surface making it a very lasting and scratch immune surface. Why is frit (paint) on the glass? Frit serves two roles on the glass. First, it is a cosmetic feature that is used to hide interior trim and pinchweld details. Early model vehicles used wide moldings to obscure what would other than as supposed or expected be exposed areas. As moldings became littler to the point of nonexistence on assorted current models, the frit had a more outstanding role in covering not finished areas of the vehicle. Secondly, the frit inhibits UV degradation of urethane adhesives. While the frit will not completely block the UV rays from passing through the glass, it does significantly reduce UV light transmission. Most urethanes are not UV stable. If urethane is left exposed to sunlight for prolonged periods of time, it will yellow and turn chalky. Presence of the frit will extend the lifetime of the urethane adhesive system. How a lot of types of frit are there? There are hundreds of types of frits developed for automotive glass applications. The most mutual automotive glass frits we use are black, gray and white though other colors are available. Frit pastes are devised to work in combining with the processing requisites necessitated for a specific part. Each paste is devised for the specific furnace time and temperature parameters used to construct elements at a fabricating location. It is not not common for a glass formulating facility to work with a dozen dissimilar frit pastes. How is frit employed to the glass? Frit is applied to the glass utilizing a silk screen method. It is very similar to the method used to silk screen T-shirts. An effigy of the frit design is invented for the glass in the bent or curved shape. Then the effigy is unwrapped and flattened. A silk screen is made to grant the frit to pass through openings in the screen. The openings correspond to the final design image. The frit is a thick paste that is put onto the screen. Squeegees are employed to push the frit paste through the screen openings and onto the glass. Frit is employed to the glass while it is in the flat position before it is processed through the furnace. The furnace helps to heal the frit and to fuse it to the glass surface. Every share with each dissimilar design has a distinguishable silk screen. Silk screens are constantly being maintained allround the life of a part. Because of the fragile nature of the screens, they will wear out and ordinarily need to be remade all around the lifetime of a percentage in production. What is Batch glass? Batch is a glass reference term that identifies a part of the constructing process. The raw parts of glass are in the right manner proportioned and mixed in batches for deliverance to the furnace. Even altho glass is made in a continual routine that runs 24 hours a day, each day of the year, the raw materials are added as necessitated in batches. To state that a glass is batch glass, it implies that there is not any post manufacturing materials, i.e. a film or coating, used to the glass. Batch glass gets all it is characteristics from the raw materials that are used to make the glass. In the case of privacy or solar batch glass, the dark colorants and UV inhibitors are mixed in with the basi ingredients in the batch to make the glass. What is Float glass? Float glass refers to the glass developing process. The raw constituents of glass are melted in a furnace amid a temperature range of 240OF to 2850 F. A continual procedure is conventional as the molten glass is moved from the furnace to the tin bath where it is supported on molten tin until the glass cools from the slurry state to a temperature where the glass becomes solid. The float routine was invented by Pilkington for the duration of 1950′s and is now considered the important state of the art routine for fabricating automotive and architectural glass. What is the tin side and what is the air side of glass? As brought up earlier, the float glass routine involves drifting molten glass on.molten tin. The molten tin is smooth sufficient to give glass it is flat surfaces. The tin and glass are like oil and water, they don’t mix. However, the side of glass that is in contact with tin for the duration of the float procedure does pick up a microscopic layer of tin. This is considered the tin side of float glass. The top side of glass is called the air or atmosphere side. To observe the tin side of glass, hold an UV light at an angle to the glass surface. The tin side will glow and the air side will not. What is Soft-Ray and what is Solar-Ray’? Soft-Ray and Solar-Ray are GM Trademarks for the glass employed in their vehicles. It identifies the TYPE of glass applied for construction and may appear on either laminated or tempered glass. LOF uses E-Z-Eye glass for the production of Soft-Ray elements and EZKool solar control glass for Solar-Ray parts. PPG uses Solex and Solar Green respectively. Deep Tint Solar-Ray is another GM trademark that appears on dark colored solar control parts. What is a monogram? A monogram is oftentimes referred to as the bug or trademark. Every automotive piece of glass is required by law to have an identifying mark on the glass that will be visible once that glass is in the in the right way installed position in the vehicle. These marks are commonly painted on the glass, but they may likewise be sand blasted or acid etched into the surface. What is in a monogram? For automotive applications, there are sure governmental items that will have to be in the monogram including a division of transportation (DOT) number, the model (M) number and the glass type (AS-1, AS-2, AS-3 etc.) Monograms may likewise include selective information such as the brand name of the glass, the company name that made the glass, the company logo, the country of origin and a date code identifying when the glass was manufactured. Is there anyway to determine what a percentage is by the monogram on the glass? Unfortunately, the majority of monograms do not have any data in it to aid determine what an unmarked portion is. However, we are starting to see more parts marked with the NAGS number in the Monogram. As more of this is done, it will be requiring little effort to in the right way tell apart unknown parts. 2-What is the divergence amongst AS-1, AS-2 and AS-3 glasses codes? For automotive applications, the three most mutual types of glass are AS-1, AS-2, and AS-3. All windshields will have to be marked with the AS-1 code which is on laminated glass having light transmission more outstanding than 70%. All tempered glass that has light transmission above 70% is marked with an AS-2 code. All glass, laminated or tempered, that has less then 70% light transmission will have an AS-3 Code. What is a DOT code? The DOT number identifies the glass manufacturer. The acronym DOT stands for Department of Transportation. Each glazing manufacture ought to implement for a DOT number in order to trade glazings for vehicles in the United States of America. Each DOT number is assigned by the government and is distinguishable for each manufacturer. Every piece of glass that is made ought to integrate that DOT code if it is to be sold in the automotive market. What is an M number? The M number is a model number that is assigned by all glass devising companies. Each company establishes their own M number scheme that is distinguishable to that organization. The M number identifies the specific glass construction. It may discern the glass details applied to formulate a percentage such as glass color and thickness. One Model number might utilise to 50 dissimilar portion numbers. Each Model number is tested each year for compliance with the governmental regulations. Most of the time, a portion number cannot be determined by the M number. How may I determine whether the glass in a car is firstborn or a replacement? If you don’t know the history of the car, one-way to tell apart a piece of glass is to check the monogram on the glass. If you, knew the manufacturer of the firstborn glass, check the DOT (Department of Transportation) number on the glass in the car. If the DOT number doesn’t belong to the OE glass supplier, then the part was a replacement. If the number does match, then check the date code on the glass. Most makers mark the monogram with a means of identifying the month and year of glass production, most times even the date and shift! Since each company does it differently, you’ll have to contact the suitable manufacturer for their date code conventions, which may include combinings of letters, numbers or even dots over respective letters. By comparing the date of the glass with the date of the car assembly, you may determine if they are the same vintage. If the glass date almost matches the vehicle assemblage date, prospects are the glass is original. Which side of the vehicle is the right hand side? The RIGHT hand side of the vehicle is the PASSENGER’S side of the vehicle. The DRIVER’S side of the vehicle would be the LEFT-hand side. Rule of thumb, right and left sides are determined by picturing yourself sifting in the car. When will have to a non-conductive adhesive be used? If the adhesive will contact the antenna or defroster lines when the part is installed, use a non-conductive adhesive. Non-conductive adhesives prevent interference with antenna schemes and heated defroster schemes that are contained in the glass. Many new glass constituents have the antenna, defroster connections or buss bars around the edge of the glass in the same area that the adhesive is applied to install a glass part. Using a conductive adhesive will affect the performance of the electrical system. Several adhesive manufacturers offer a non-conductive product for these glass applications. Be sure to follow the manufacturers specific instructions for the adhesive system you use. How do installation methods cause stress cracks? Installation affiliated cracks commonly result from a short cut out method, where all of the old urethane bed is not got rid of prior to installation. If the shape and form of the new glass is not identical to the old urethane bed, the glass could have spots of interference on the adhesive that lead to breaking. Installation affiliated stress could likewise be formed by using adhesives that are too rigid and don’t offer the compression and flexibleness required of the adhesive system. Usually, installation related stress cracks would invent over time after the adhesive has been permitted to completely cure. What is tempered glass? Tempered glass is a single piece of glass that is strengthened through a rapid cooling process. This cooling procedure tempers the glass by blasting both the top and bottom surfaces with air. The outside surfaces of the glass cool quicker than the core of the glass. This action sets up a remainder of strains among the surfaces and the core which adds substantial strength to the glass. Tempered glass is difficult to break, but if broken it breaks into little granular pieces. How are tempered elements made? Glass of the specified thickness is cut to the desired size. Any art or paint design is applied to the glass while it is in the flat position. This includes any heated grid lines or antenna lines required on the final part. The glass is loaded into a furnace and is heated to temperatures of 12,000 F. There are multiple processes that could be applied to bend the glass as it exits the furnace including roll. How much strength is required to break a tempered backlite? While the strength of tempered glass may seem very high, it is indispensable to recognize that the manner in which tempered glass is broken will affect the strength. Tempered glass is exceedingly difficult to break with dull, blunt objects. Tempered glass may have a rupture strength of up to 24,000 pounds per square inch. Recall that tempered glass is devised by rapid cooling of the outside glass surfaces which sets up a stress / strain balance. Why do the heated grid lines on heated backlites now and again have a redbrown color and other times have a yellow color? The color of the grid lines is predominately determined by the surface of glass that they are printed on. The lines will have a dark aspect when printed on the tin side of glass. The lines will have a more brilliant yellow or amber color when printed on the air side of glass. Other colors, such as white or light gray, may indicate a potential devising problem with the heated grid lines such as an under fired condition or too much silver. These may result in a heated backlite that does not function correctly. Is it a defect to see discolored spot patterns on tempered glass? No, the discolored spot patterns on a piece of glass are in truth a phenomenon of the tempering process. During tempering, air is forced onto the glass through hundreds of nozzles. The spots are areas where the cool air contacts the glass. The temper spot pattern may indicate how well a piece of glass is tempered. The size and consistency of the discolored areas will vary with the precise routine used, but they are present on all tempered parts. The capacity to see these patterns is dependent on the angle ‘ of installation and the lighting conditions. For example, it is posing no difficulty to see the patterns on a sloping piece of glass at dusk than it is to see them on a vertical piece in bright sunlight. What is an Innershield? The innershield is a layer of plastic on the innermost piece of glass which was most normally used on the windshield. The innershield prevented lacerations on an occupant’s head and face if they came in contact with the windshield in the event of an accident. The innershield was a ordinary option on deluxe vehicles regarding ten years ago. How is a shadeband put into a windshield? The shadeband is pre-tinted onto the plastic that is placed among the glass plies. The plastic comes in rolls and one end of the roll has the shade color. During processing, it may be required to warp the plastic to curve the shadeband so it will match the curve of the top of, the windshield. After warping, the plastic is cut to size and it is ready to use. What is delamination? Delamination is the separation of the glass plies and plastic layer in a laminated product such as a windshield. This is also known as an unbonded area (UBA) or an oil blow. Old autoclaving procedure employed hot petroleum to laminate windshields and the oil could seep into the edges causing the windshield to delaminate. What is bullet proof glass and how is it dissimilar from bullet immune glass? Bullet proof glass is glass that will stop a bullet. Any bullet. To make a glass bullet proof, each type of bullet from each type of gun must be taken into contemplation for the duration of the design of the glass. Bullet proof glass is in truth a composite of glass and plastic layers laminated together to achieve a strong composite that will stop a bullet. Bullet proof glass will be three or more inches thick. Bullet immune glass is designed for apps with a resistance to a range of specific bullet calibers. Bullet resistance glass may be received in a 3/4 inch thick composite of glass and plastics laminated together. On vehicle applications, the environmental end use is considered for the glass design. If a vehicle is outfitted with bullet proof or bullet immune glazing, all the interior trim will have to also be reworked to accommodate the thicker glass. What are stress cracks? Stress cracks are breaks from the edges of laminated glass, such as a windshield, that occur without an affect point or noticeable damaged area. While this phenomenon may take place with seemingly no apparent cause, there are however, two major components that have a role in creating stress cracks. The stress crack may be caused by a developing defect within the glass or it may be attributed to the installation methods. How do glass defects cause stress cracks? Stress cracks may take place if the two plies of glass used to make the laminated portion are not totally homogenous with each other. Stress cracks may be a condition of tension or compression that subsist within the glass. Stress may also be caused by not complete annealing or temperature divergence amidst the plies. Manufacturing processes include multiple quality checkpoints for each person portion for the duration of production to discern and eliminate faulty parts. Even so, it may be difficult to predict a stress crack due to manufacturing conditions. I have many times heard of a windshield surface referred to as the number 1, 2, 3 or 4 surface. What do these numbers mean? The windshield surface number refers to the glass surface of the person glass plies in the laminated composite. A basic windshield construction is composed of two pieces of glass with a plastic layer in between. The surfaces are counted from OUTSIDE the vehicle. Therefore, surface number 1 is the outside surface of the exterior glass piece that would be exposed once installed in the vehicle. Surface number 4 is the innermost surface which would be on the interior of the vehicle once installed. Surface number 4 is the surface that is prepped with primers, cleaners and or activators required for installation. Surface # 2 and 3 are interior surfaces that are in contact with the plastic. What is laminated glass? Laminated glass is constructed of two pieces of glass with a piece of plastic in among the glass plies. One type of plastic innerlayer used is PVB or polyvinyl butyral. Laminated glass is required to make windshields in the US. How are windshields made? Two distinguished pieces of glass are cut to size. While the glass is flat it is printed with the art design (frit) that’s required. The glass is put through a furnace to soften the glass and fire the frit to the glass surface. Once the glass reaches the right temperature, it is molded into shape and then cooled. After shaping, the glass/ plastic/ glass sandwich is put in a clean room and then put into an autoclave. An autoclave is like a giant pressure cooker. The high pressure squeezes the glass and plastic together. The higher temperature softens the plastic, which bonds the glass and plastic layers together. Once the glass exits the autoclave, any excess plastic is trimmed and the mirror mount is employed to the glass. The glass is inspected and cleaned various times allround the entire routine to make sure it has been fictitious to the most eminent quality standards. After a final inspection, the finished part is now ready to ship. What is the Breakaway Bracket? Several new GM and Ford windshields have a Breakaway Bracket. This refers To the mirror button on the windshield. This style mirror button allows the rearviewmirror to snap off when the passenger air bag is deployed. If the rear view mirror did not snap off, there is a possibleness that the mirror could puncture the air bag rendering it ineffective. The accessory tool employed to remove these snap off rearview mirrors is the MB-4. TIP: Put Breakaway rearview mirrors back on the glass before installing the windshield. This will prevent moving a newly installed windshield out of place with the strength required to snap the mirror on the glass. How is a windshield glass molded into shape? There are two mutual exercises for shaping a windshield, gravity bending and press bending. Gravity bending has been used longer than press bending. For gravity bending, two pieces flat glass ride through the furnace on a mold contoured like the finished part. As the glass softens, the strength of gravity pulls the glass into shape. This pair of gravity bent glass is then kept together all around the rest of the windshield process. In a press bending operation, the single lites of glass go through a furnace on a flat surface of high temperature immune rollers. As the glass exits the furnace it is quickly pressed into shape amidst a male and female mold contoured like the finished product. The glass is then cooled and moved to the next process. How may I determine if a diversity or non-diversity antenna backlite is needed? The diversity antenna will use a combining of antennas in order to carry out efficiently. Most diversity-antennas are offered with vehicle upgrade packages. A ordinary car model may only have the mast antenna, whereas the deluxe luxuriousness package may integrate a diversity antenna in the backlite with the mast antenna. How to determine the need for a diversity antenna will differ depending on the vehicle. The current Toyota Camry has extra speakers (6 total) on the vehicle that uses a diversity antenna and only 4 speakers on the vehicle that uses the non-diversity antenna. Can an antenna or heated backlite clip be reattached to the glass if it has fallen off? Clips, or tabs, may be reattached to the glass. In order to determine if the connection is repairable, the surface of the glass ought to be evaluated. If there are any chunks of glass (called spalls) missing from the surface, the fix will have to not be made and the glass must be replaced. Spalls will weaken the glass and could finally result in glass breakage. Next, select the adhesive to be applied to reattach the clips. There are a few companies that manufacture a conductive adhesive scheme that may be employed to reattach the tabs. The adhesive will have to be conductive so it will concede the electrical current pass amidst the lines on the glass and the vehicle. Follow the manufacture’s directions for the repair. Regular super glue adhesives will not work because they are non-conductive. HINT: Be sure to clean both the glass surface and the clip surface of old debris. Also, let the repaired share sit for the commended heal time so the adhesive bond is to the full or entire extent developed. Will a broken heated grid line on a backlite affect the operation of the antenna? Many new radio and cellular phone antenna designs are integrated into the heated grid design in the backlite. If a heated grid line is broken it will affect the performance of the antenna. The line break will become more noticeable with the usual public as diversity antennas gain popularity and reduce the need for traditionalisti mast antennas. There are aftermarket grid line fix schemes available which may restore both the heating and the antenna characteristics of the grid line. What is a Rain Sensor windshield? Several vehicle manufacturers, including Cadillac, Mercedes Benz and BMW, are now supplying Rain Sensor windshields. The rain sensor is genuinely a little electronic device mounted to the inside surface of the windshield. The device has a lens that will observe the presence of moisture on the outside surface of glass. When moisture is present, a signal is sent to the wiper control that mechanically activates the windshield wipers. This a great safety option for those misty periods when a driver is passing trucks and road spray hits the windshield. The windshield wipers will activate without the need for the driver to remove his hands from the wheel or his eyes from the road. Does the rain sensor module come on the substitute windshield? No. At this time, none of the rain sensor designs require the sensor to be applied by the manufacturer on the alternate windshields. The electronic sensor that is on the existent windshield in the car ought to be got rid of and re-mounted onto the alternate windshield. How is the rain sensor attached to the substitute windshield? There are particular re-attachment kits for the alternate industry, available through your local Car dealer, which may be used to re-attach the electronic rain sensor to the new windshield. The Cadillac kit comprises of tape, cleaners and primers for replacing the Cadillac module. The Mercedes / BMW kit holds the tape and a new lens. Instructions for application are included in all the kits. Is it normal for HUD display to appear faded in bright light conditions? Bright sunlight or high glare conditions may result in a dimmer display of the Head’s Up display. It is normal for a HUD to appear more splendid at night in darker conditions that for the duration of the day underneath full sun. It is not normal for the HUD to altogether disappear. If the display is fading when the car changes momentum, such as when turning a corner or accelerating, then the problem could be a system defect and it’s commended that a merchant check out the electronics. There is not one thing in the windshield to cause the display to fade or appear less intense. What is a diversity antenna? A diversity antenna combines the reception from various person antennas on the vehicle that makes it a very effective antenna system. The definition of diverse means different, hence a diversity antenna in a backlite is one that could Work with the mast (pillar) antenna mounted to the car. The two dissimilar antennas work together to achieve superior AM/FM radio reception. The 1998 Cadillac Seville has a diversity antenna scheme that comprises of an antenna in the windshield and antenna in the backlite that work together. What is a non-diversity antenna? A non-diversity antenna system relies on only one antenna for radio wave reception. Several examples of non-diversity antenna include 1) a mast antenna mounted to the vehicle 2) an antenna printed on the backlite or 3) a set of wires mounted into the windshield. A non-diversity antenna will not be a combination. Can a break in a HUD (Heads-Up-Display) windshield be repaired or must it be replaced? A break in the HUD windshield may be repaired like a normal non-HUD windshield. If the repair area is in the HUD effigy area, a repair may interfere with the effigy causing a double or distorted image. Therefore, thoughtfulness is required to determine if the type and size of break is repairable without HUD interference. Passivated glass refers to chemically coated glass. Many automotive glass parts are coated to achieve either the solar control characteristics or the privacy features. The coating may ordinarily be detected by the reflective, mirror-like appearance. Sometimes these coatings will also have a color affiliated with them and may make the glass look blue, pink or amber. The solar coatings are applied to filter out the sun’s ultraviolet and infrared wavelengths while the privacy coatings filter out visible light wavelengths. The wavelengths that are filtered out by coated glass, include the wavelength spectrums that CB radios, cellular phones, automated toll readers and radar detectors operate on. Therefore, the chemically coated glass may interfere with the operation of electronic appliances that require a glass-mounted antenna. What type of glass is commended for a glass-mounted antenna? Glass that is referred to, as BATCH glass is compatible with glass mounted antennas. Solar and privacy batch glass is not coated like the passivated glass. Instead, the raw materials that give the glass it is solar or privacy characteristics are added at the time the glass is made. The raw materials are melted right in with the sand and other parts that glass are constructed from. Once the glass has been made, it would not need any other treatments prior to fabrication into automotive glass parts. Batch glass is uniform allround the thickness of the glass. Coated parts are surface treated; the surface has dissimilar properties than the core of the glass. Are there any special hints for re-attaching the rain sensor? Make sure the glass is very clean prior to attaching the sensor. The performance of the sensors depends on the optically clear grades of doublefaced tape applied for reattaching the units. These tapes also need to be clean and free of bubbles when used to the glass. Any impurities that may be present will give a untrue signal to the rain sensor causing it to activate unnecessarily. What does the term “Auto-Cancel” refer to in the NAGS catalog? The Auto Cancel notation means the electrical input to the heated backlite design is mechanically canceled after a specified time and/or temperature. Most heated backlites made today are for automatic cancellation systems. However, there are a few parts such as the Isuzu Trooper backlites where a dissimilar glass heated design is required for the automatic vs. the manual systems. For example, FB4815 is for an automatic cancellation heated grid system whereas FB4816 is for a manual cancellation heated grid system. 8-What is the divergence amidst a heavy-duty heated backglass and a general heated backglass? The heavy-duty back glass is ranked for higher amperage. The Heavy-Duty (HD) identification is predominately used on alien cars such as Honda and Toyota vehicles. Normal domestic vehicles were ranked for 22 amps whereas heated backlites in Asian vehicles were in general ranked for 11 amps. Amperage relates to speed of performance. The higher the amperage, the quicker the backglass will heat and clear the frost from the glass. To accommodate the US market, a good deal of alien car makers devised the HD back glasses to offer compatible defrosting performance in the US. The heavy-duty backglass are an upgrade, but it does not interchange with the frequent design. |
